CitDig organized the “I Ibero-American Congress on Law and Digital Technologies” (under the theme “The Challenges of Personal Data Protection”), on October 27 and 28, 2023, at the Noble Auditorium of the School of Law, UMinho. Five years after the GDPR came into force, on May 25, 2018, it was important to assess the consistency of that legislation in light of the new challenges posed to the protection of personal data. Does the GDPR adequately address the emerging challenges of profiling and inferred personal data? Or the challenges related to cities and companies, to the health area, to professional careers related to data protection? To this extent, the Centre for Research in Justice and Governance (JusGov) and the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence in Digital Citizenship and Technological Sustainability (CitDig) decided to subordinate this “I Ibero-American Congress on Law and Digital Technologies” to the theme “The Challenges of Personal Data Protection”, as the regulation of the digital ecosystem in the EU began precisely with the protection of personal data. In this first congress, the technical aspects of the implementation of the GDPR, the repercussion of the GDPR outside Europe, as well as the fundamental legal challenges of personal data protection were discussed.